What is the difference between temporary and permanent residency?

Permanent residents have the right to live and work permanently in Australia. They are eligible for state medical care immediately, but must be resident in Australia for two years before qualifying for social welfare assistance (i.e. unemployment benefits). They are not permitted to vote in Australia. After two years, they can apply for citizenship, entitling them to an Australian passport. Permanent residents need a Resident Return Visa (RRV) to return to Australia when they travel overseas.
Temporary residents are allowed to stay in Australia for the time specified in their visa. They have special work rights depending on their visa and are required to pay taxes on income earned in Australia. They do not have access to social welfare benefits or public health cover at any time and are recommended to take out private health insurance.